If you're not a U.S. citizen and are wondering whether you need a Social Security number (SSN), you're not alone. Here's what every noncitizen should understand about SSNs, who needs one, and how to apply.

Do Noncitizens Need a Social Security Number?

Generally, only noncitizens who are authorized to work in the United States by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) can receive an SSN. It's used by employers to report wages and is necessary to qualify for Social Security benefits. You'll also need one to work legally and access certain government services.

That said, not every noncitizen needs an SSN. For example, you don’t need one to:

1. Get a driver’s license
2. Register for school
3. Apply for subsidized housing
4. Enroll in school lunch programs
5. Get private health insurance

Some organizations may still ask for an SSN, but most will offer alternative ways to verify your identity if you don’t have one.

How to Apply for an SSN

1. Before You Arrive in the U.S.

If you're applying for an immigrant visa in your home country, you can usually apply for your SSN at the same time. Your SSN card will be mailed to the U.S. address you list on your application. More info: ssa.gov/ssnvisa

2. If You’re Already in the U.S.

You can apply for an SSN when you submit certain forms to USCIS:

1. Form I-765: Application for Employment Authorization
2. Form I-485: Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status
3. Form N-400: Application for Naturalization (for replacement SSN cards)

If your SSN card doesn’t arrive within 14 days after receiving your work authorization or permanent resident documents, contact the SSA.

What to Do If You Can’t Apply Through These Methods

If none of the above methods work for you, wait at least 10 days after arriving in the U.S. to apply. This gives DHS time to update your records.

Start your application online:

Go to ssa.gov/number-card/request-number-firsttime and follow the steps. You must complete your application in person at a Social Security office within 45 days.

Or, apply directly with Form SS-5:

Download it from ssa.gov/forms/ss-5.pdf, then call 1-800-772-1213 to schedule an appointment at your local SSA office.

What to Bring to the SSA Office

To apply, you'll need original or certified documents proving your:

1. Identity
2. Work-authorized immigration status
3. Age

Acceptable documents include:

1. Form I-551 (Green Card)
2. Form I-94 (Arrival/Departure Record)
3. Form I-766 (EAD)
4. Unexpired foreign passport
5. Birth certificate (if available)

For students and exchange visitors

Bring additional documentation such as:

1. DS-2019 (for J-1/J-2)
2. Letter from program sponsor (for J-1 students/interns)
3. Form I-20 and a letter from your DSO (for F-1/M-1 students)

How Much Does It Cost?

Applying for an SSN is completely free.

Getting an SSN for Nonwork Purposes

If you're not authorized to work, you may still be able to apply for an SSN if:

A federal or state law requires it for you to receive a public benefit

You’ll need to show proof of:

1. Identity and age (e.g., Form I-94, birth certificate, etc.)
2. A letter from the agency requiring the SSN, stating: Why it’s needed The specific law requiring it That you meet all other eligibility requirements Agency contact information

Important: If you only need a number for tax filing, you should apply for an ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) through the IRS using Form W-7.

Final Note

If you're not authorized to work, never use an SSN issued for nonwork purposes to gain employment—it’s illegal. Always be honest about your SSN status, and ask agencies if they can identify you in other ways.

For more detailed guidance, visit ssa.gov or call 1-800-772-1213.